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<0.001) and in combined two years Hamoon and Zahak (23.1%, 20.6%) had the highest and lowest percent of infection in leaves. Based on the fruit disease severity, Zabol and Zahak (25.4%, 21.8%) had the highest and lowest percent of infection in fruits respectively. Based on area under disease progress curves, there were no significant differences between years, counties and vineyards in disease incidence but in leaf and fruit disease severity, there were significant differences between years and counties and in combined two years Hamoon and Zabol (696.9 and 680.3) had the highest of leaf and fruit infections respectively.]]>
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E3 and xop < /em>A effector genes. In some cases, there was a direct correlation between disease severity and factors involving in virulence. For example, two strains, ShL45 and NB28k, showed the highest percentage of necrosis spots (62.5%), produced high levels of biosurfactant and biofilm that indicated significant differences with other strains at 5% probability levels. It seems that xanthan has no significant effective role in Xap virulence. The rate of swarming in 92.3 % of strains belonging to the severe pathogenicity group was more than the swimming (P≤ 0.05). All strains were also capable of secreting different amounts of enzymes, including protease, cellulase, polygalactronase, and pectatelyase. However, the rate of secretion in all them was not entirely consistent with virulence. It is suggested that more Xap strains from different regions of the country, along with other X. arboricola pathovars, should be tested to get results that are more accurate.]]>
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p. 339−351
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p. 353−372
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p. 373−377
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