Taxonomy, phylogeny and pathogenicity of some Bipolaris, Curvularia and Exserohilum species associated with selected cereals in southern Iran

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

1 Department of Plant Protection, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran

2 Shiraz University

Abstract

In order to identify, study phylogenetic relationships and evaluate the pathogenicity of graminicolous fungi on cereals in southern Iran during the spring and summer of 2017, some roots, stems and rhizosphere soil were collected from barley, maize, millet, rice, and wheat fields in Bushehr, Fars, Khuzestan and Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Provinces, Iran. Based on morphological and phylogenetic studies, 141 recovered isolates were identified as three species of Bipolaris (B. sorokiniana and two probable new taxa Bipolaris sp1 and Bipolaris sp.2), four species of Curvularia (C. australiensis, C. papendorfii, C. spicifera, C. verruculosa) and one species of Exserohilum (E. rostratum). pathogenicity test was conducted on leaves and roots of Eram cultivar of barley, 504 cultivar of maize, Parosou cultivar of millet, Lanjan cultivar of rice, and Azar cultivar of wheat. In both pathogenicity tests pathogenic and nonpathogenic isolates were observed. This is the first report of potential pathogenicity of C. papendorfii in all tested plants; C. verruculosa in barley, millet, rice and wheat; C. spicifera in barley, millet and maize; and C. australiensis in barley, maize and rice.

Keywords


Ahmadpour A., Donyaadust Chelaan M., Heydarian Z., and Javan-Nikkhah M. 2011. New species of Bipolaris and Curvularia on grass species in Iran. Rostaniha 12: 39-49.
Ahmadpour A., Heidarian Z., Karami S., Tesokibushi T., Zhang M., and Javan-Nikkhah M. 2012. New species of Bipolaris and Curvularia on grass species in Iran. Rostaniha 13:69-82.
Ahmadpour A., Javan-Nikkhah M., Naghavi M.R., and Padasht-Dehkaei F. 2014. Morphological and phylogenetic investigation of Bipolaris oryzae and some species of Bipolaris obtained from rice and grass weeds. Iranian Journal of Plant Pathology 50: 51-53.
Alcorn J.L. 1983. Generic concepts in Drechslera, Bipolaris and Exserohilum. Mycotaxon 17:1-86.
Alcorn J. L. 1988. The taxonomy of "Helminthosporium" species. Annual Review of Phytopathology 26: 37-56.
Amarloo A. Ruhaani H.and  Mehdikhaani-MoghadamE. 2010. Identification and evaluation of stem rot and root rot fungi on wheat in Khorasan. Journal of Plant Protection24:269-284.
Amarloo A., Ruhaani H., and Mehdikhaani-Moghadam E. 2012. Identification of  basic stem rot and root rot fungi on wheat in Khorasan. Iranian Journal of Plant Protection science 25: 332-340.
Arzanlou M., and Bakhshi Kazaj M. 2010. Esca, a hidden disease of p in East and West Azarbaijan provinces. Proceedings of 19th Iranian Plant Protection Congress (p. 204). Tehran: Iran.
Amini J. 1997. Evaluation of root mycoflora of wheat in Tehran province. (Master’s thesis, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran).
Barzegar-Marvdasty F., and Banihashemi Z. 2012. Identification and pathogenicity of turfgrass infecting fungi in Shiraz landscape. Iranian Journal of Plant Pathlogy 47: 361-377.
Bashyal B. M., Chand R., Kushwaha C., Joshi A. K., and Kumar, S. 2011. Bipolaris sorokiniana of barley: infection behaviour in different members of Poaceae. Indian Phytopathology 64(1):28-31.
Berbee M.L., Pirseyedi M., and Hubbard S. 1999. Cochliobolus phylogenetics and the origin of known, highly virulent pathogens, inferred from ITS and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene sequences. Mycologia 91:964-977.
Buzina W., Braun H., Schimpl K., and Stammberger H. 2003. Bipolaris spicifera causes fungus balls of the sinuses and triggers polypoid chronic rhinosinusitis in an immunocompetent patient. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 41(10):4885-4887.
Choudhary M., Sardana H.R., Bhat M.N., and Gurjar, M.S. 2018. First report of Leaf Spot Disease Caused by Exserohilum rostratum on Bottle Gourd in India. Plant Disease 102(10):2042.
Crous P.W., Wingfield M.J., Guarro J., Cheewangkoon R., Van der Bank M., Swart W. J., Stchigle A.M., Cano-Lira J.F., Roux J., Madrid H., Damm U., Wood A.R., Shuttleworth L.A., Hodges C.S., Munster M., de Jesús Yáñez-Morales M., Zúñiga-Estrada L., Cruywagen E.M., De hoog G.S., Silvera C., Najafzadeh J., Davison D.M., Davison P.J.N., Barrett M.D., Barrett R.L., Manamgoda D.S., Minnis A.M.,… and Damm U. 2013. Fungal planet description sheets: 154–213. Persoonia: Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi 31: 188.
Choi Y.J., Lee J.S., Lee H.B., and Kim H.J. 2018. First report of leaf blight caused by Curvularia verruculosa on zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica) in Korea. Plant Disease 102(6): 1173.
Da Cunha K.C., Sutton D.A., Fothergill A.W., Cano J., Gené J., Madrid H., and Guarro J. 2012. Diversity of Bipolaris species in clinical samples in the United States and their antifungal susceptibility profiles. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 50(12):4061-4066.
Ershad D. 2009. Fungi of Iran. 3rd edit. Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Tehran, Iran.
Ellis M.B. 1971. Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes. England: Commonwealth Mycological Institute.
El Khizzi N., Bakheshwain S., and Parvez S. 2010. Bipolaris: a plant pathogen causing human infections: an emerging problem in Saudi Arabia. Research Journal of Microbiology 5(3):212-217.
Farr D.F., and Rossman A.Y.  2013. Fungal databases, systematic mycology and microbiology laboratory, ARS, USDA. http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/
Fedel-Moen R.I.T.A., and Harris J.R. 2010.Stratified distribution of Fusarium and Bipolaris on wheat and barley with dryland root rot in South Australia. Plant Pathology, 36:447-454.  
Ghazvini H. 2012. Adult plant resistance and yield loss in barley cultivars inoculated with a newlyemerged pathotype of Bipolaris sorokiniana in Manitoba, Canada. Crop Breeding Journal 2:9-15.
Hernández-Restrepo M., Madrid H., Tan Y.P., da Cunha K.C., Gene J., Guarro J., and Crous P.W. 2018. Multi-locus phylogeny and taxonomy of Exserohilum. Persoonia 41: 71-108.
Huang M.Y., Huang W.H., Liu L.Y., Huang,Y.D., Wang J.H., Zhao C.H., and Wan A.M., 2004. Spectral reflectance feature of winter wheat single leaf infested with stripe rust and severity level inversion. Transactions of the CSAE 20 (1): 176-180.
Iftikhar S., Asad S., Munir A.N.J.U.M., Sultan A., and Ahmad I. 2009. Hosts of Bipolaris sorokiniana, the major pathogen of spot blotch of wheat in Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Botany 41(3):1433-1436.
Irani H., Kiumarsi Sh., Ommati F., and Ershaad D. 2003. Etiological study of stone fruit dieback and decline in West Azarbaijan, Semnan and Kerman Provinces. Iranian Journal Plant Pathology 39:57-72 (in Persian) & 15-18 (in English).
Karov I., Mitrev S., and Arsov E. 2009. Bipolaris sorokiniana (teleomorph Cochliobolus sativus), causer of barley leaf lessions and root rot in Macedonia. Proceeding on National Science Matica Srpska Novi Sad 116: 167-174.
Kumar J., Schafer P., Lhoven R.H., Langen G., Baltruschat H., Stein E., Nagarajan S., and Kogel K.H. 2002. Bipolaris sorokiniana, a cereal pathogen of global concern: cytological and molecular approaches towards better control. Molecular Plant Pathology 3(4): 185-195.
Leahy R.M. 1999. Exserohilum Leaf Spot on Bromeliads. Fla. Department Agriculture & Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry.‏
Lidong M., and Qiang C. 2002. Study in distribution, pathogen spp. and controlling of wheat root disease in Helbei proviance. College of Plant Protection, Agricultural University of Herbei, Baoding.
Lin S.H., Huang S.L., Li Q.Q., Hu C.J., Fu G., Qin L.P., ... and Yan W.H. 2011. Characterization of  Exserohilum rostratum, a new causal agent of banana leaf spot disease in China. Australasian Plant Pathology 40(3): 246.‏
Lin S., Hung C., Deng Z., Yung M., Hung W., and Qin Z. 2012. First report of leaf spot disease on sugarcane caused by Bipolarisspicifera in China. Australian Plant Disease Notes 7:51-53.
 
Liu Y.X., Shi Y.P., and Cai Z.Y. 2016. A First Report of Rubber Tree Leaf Spot Caused by Exserohilum rostratum in China. Plant Disease 100(10): 2167.‏
Manamgoda D.S., Cai L., and Bahkali A.H. 2011. Cochliobolus: an overview and current status of species. Fungal Diversity 51:3-42.
Manamgoda D.S., Cai L., and McKenzie E.H.C. 2012. A phylogenetic and taxonomic re-evaluation of the BipolarisCochliobolusCurvularia complex. Fungal Diversity 56:131-144.
Manamgoda D.S., Rossman A.Y., Castlebury A.L., Crous P.W., Madrid H., Chukeatirote E., and Hyde K.D. 2014. The genues Bipolaris. Studies in Mycology 79:221-288.
Marin-Felix Y., Senwanna C., Cheewangkoon R., and Crous P.W. 2017. New species and records of Bipolaris and Curvularia from Thailand. Mycospher 8(9): 1556-1574.McIntosh R.A. 1998. Breeding wheat for resistance to biotic stresses. Euphytica 100:19-34.
Mehraabi R., Toraabi M., Rajabpour M., Karami N., Hasani A., and Ebraahimi A. 2015. Molecular identification of Cochliobolus sativus, the causal agent of wheat spot blotch disease, using its sequencing and its phylogenetic relationships with other Cochliobolus species. Seed and Plant Improvement Journal 2: 399-417.
Mirabolfathi M., and Ershad D. 2006. Bipolaris, Curvularia, Drechslera and Exserohilum diseases of turfgrass in Iran. Iranian Journal of Plant Pathology 42(2).
Mirabolfathi M., and Ershad J. 2007. Diseases that they caused by Exserohilum, Drechsleri, Curvularia and Bipolaris in Iranian grass. Iranian Journal of Plant Pathology 42:257-273.
Mohammadipour M., and Ershad, D.D. 2002. Identification of Bipolaris species the causal agent of root and foot rot of wheat in east Azarbaijan. Proceedings of the 15th Iranian Plant Protection Congress, Kermanshah, Iran.
Mostowfizadeh-Ghalamfarsa R., Jamali S., and Banihashemi Z. 2010. Molecular phylogeny of three desert truffles from Iran based on ribosomal genome. Rostaniha 11:151-162.
Mostowfizadeh-Ghalamfarsa R., and Mirsoleimani Z. 2013. Species-specific identification and detection of Phytophthora pistaciae, the causal agent of pistachio gummosis. Phytopathologia Mediterranea 52:30-45.
Morejon K.R., Moraes M.H.D., and Bach E.E. 2006. Identification of Bipolarisbicolor and Bipolaris sorokiniana on wheat seeds (Triticum aestivum L.) in Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology37(3):247-250.
Naeimi Sh., Khosravi V., and Tesukiboshi T. 2011. Occurrence of rice infection by Bipolaris sorokiniana in Iran. Iranian Journal of Plant Pathology 47:353-360.
Nazari S., Javan-Nikkhah M., Fotuhifar K., Khosravi V., and Alizadeh A. 2015. Bipolaris species associated with rice plant: pathogenicity and genetic diversity of Bipolaris oryzae using rep-PCR in Mazandaran province of Iran. Journal of Crop Protection 4:497-508.
Nemati, Z.and Mostowfizadeh-Ghalamfarsa, R. 2016. Identification of some grass-associated species of Bipolaris, Curvularia and Exserohilum in selected regions of Iran. Rostaniha 17:40-50.
Ravankar S.G., and Sutton D.A. 2010. Melanized fungi in human disease. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 23(4): 884-928.Richard S., and Cynthia  M.O. 2007. Wheat – common Root Rot. Plant Disease Control, OSU. Agric. gov. ab. ca/$ departemant/deptdocs.nsf/all/prm2394.
Saaneei J., Razavi E., and Okhovat M. 2011. Rice brown spot disease and identification of the causal agent fungi in Golestan province. Creal Research 1:65-74.
Safaei D., Okhovat M., Hajaroud Gh., andYunesi H. 2008. Identification, comparison in pathogenisity and transmitance of Bipolaris sp. the factor of root rot and stem rot of wheat in Kermanshah province. Journal of Science and Technology of Agriculure and Natural Resources 12:207-214.
Sivanesan A. 1987. Graminicolous species of Bipolaris, Curvularia, Drechslera, Exserohilum and their teleomorphs. Mycological Papers, 158. UK: CAB International.
Sharafi Z., and Sadravi M. 2015. Ten seedborn pathogenie fugi. Plant Pathology Science 4(1):34-45.
Smiley R.W. and W Udin. 1993. Influence of soil temperature on Rhizoctonia root rot (R. solani AG-8 and R. oryzae) of winter wheat. Phythopathology 83:777-785.
Sturz A.V., and Bernier C.C. 1987. Incidence of pathogen fungal complexes in the crown and roots of winterand spring wheat relative to cropping practice. Canadian Journal Plant Pathology  9:256-271.
Su  H.Y., Udayanga D., Luo  Z.L., Manamgoda  D.S., Zhao Y.C., Yang J.,  and Hyde K.D. 2015.  Hyphomycetes from aquatic habitats in southern China: species of Curvularia(Pleosporaceae) and Phragmocephala (Melannomataceae). Phytotaxa 226(3): 201-216.
Thompson J.‌D., Gibson T.‌J., Plewniak F., Jeanmougin F., and Higgins D.G. 1997. The ClustalX windows interface: flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools. Nucleic Acids Research 25: 4876-4882.
Toul P., Castillo L., Hofman V., Bouchara J.P., Chanalet S., and Gari-Toussaint M. 2006. A pseudo tumoral sinusitis caused by Bipolaris sp. Journal of Infection 53(6):e235-e237.
Uneal F., Turgay E.B.,  and Yildirim A.F. 2011. First report of leaf blotch on sorghum caused by Bipolaris spicifera in Turkey. Plant Disease 95(4): 495.
White T.‌ J., Bruns T., Lee S., and Taylor J. 1990. Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In Innis, M. A., Gelfand, D. H., Sninsky J. J., & White T. J. (Eds.), PCR protocols: A guide to methods and applications, 315-322. USA, San Diego: Academic Press.
Wilhelmus K.R., and Jones D.B. 2001. Curvularia keratitis. Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society 99:111.
Zhang W., Liu J.X., Huo P.H., and Zhang T. 2016. Exserohilum rostratum Causes a Leaf Spot on Hybrid Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon× C. transvaalensis) in China. Plant Disease 100(7): 1504.‏